Caption:The ribbon diagrams represent examples of the 4 levels of protein structure. (a) The linear sequence of amino acid residues defines the primary structure. (b) Secondary structure consists of regions of regularly repeating conformations of the peptide chain, such as alpha helices and beta sheets. (c) Tertiary structure describes the shape of the fully folded polypeptide chain. The example shown has two domains. (d) Quaternary structer refers to the arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains into a multisubunit molecule. The example shown consists of two polypeptide chains. Notes:Each level of protein structure can be seen to be based on the "lower" levels of organization. In these examples, each polypeptide in the quaternary structure drawing are identical to the folded tertiary structure. The primary structure (a) is a portion of the underlying covalent structure shown in the cartoon model (b) .
蛋白质的多肽链在各种二级结构的基础上再进一步盘曲或折迭形成具有一定规律的三维空间结构,称为蛋白质的三级结构(tertiary structure)。蛋白质三级结构的稳定主要靠次级键,包括氢键、疏水键、盐键以及范德华力(Van der Wasls力)等。这些次级键可存在于一级结构序号相隔很远的氨基酸残基的R基团之间,因此蛋白质的三级结构主要指氨基酸残基的侧链间的结合。次级键都是非共价键,易受环境中pH、温度、离子强度等的影响,有变动的可能性。二硫键不属于次级键,但在某些肽链中能使远隔的二个肽段联系在一起,这对于蛋白质三级结构的稳定上起着重要作用。